Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is vulnerable to populist impulses. It's still better than expected.
The country is looking for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans and other crops. They also raised livestock and even made furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metallurgy business, making bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced block printing to Japan along with art styles as well as a written language and papermaking.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence on the southern part of the peninsula. 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험 adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. At this time, the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the majority of the population were peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to join the army or to build fortifications.
By the end of this period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male-centric concept of filiopiety as a law in 1390 CE. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They had to be obeyed by everyone and respected by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes that were created by the mouth when it pronounces. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of cist graves lined with stones, and adorned with precious objects like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens and built of large stones in a single piece, are common in the country.
In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. After that the peninsula was ruled by several states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. The northern portion of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful but its dynasty dissolved by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era the way it develops appears to be in flux. Those who are horrified by the enormous cost of the old system support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand supporters of the old system want to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and generating fear about job losses.
Academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas development towards a new model of economic governance. This article reviews the latest developments by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution: democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also highlights key factors that seem to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey in 2009 revealed that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents said it contradicted their religious beliefs, and 17 percent said they didn't know what it meant. The level of doubt is similar to that of the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was primarily focused on teaching students and the introduction of Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. This event drew an audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The event's success led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The event was extensively covered in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, which published its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the nation in universities and churches.
One example of an KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so interested in creationism that they raised the funds and support needed to build an on-campus museum showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. This magazine covers topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized a network of local branches that conduct seminars and present talks to children in schools and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. During this period the famous samulnori, also known as the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and different musical instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also involves rethinking the incentives monitoring and discipline strategies that have been a part of the pre-crisis system. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje was one of the major regional powers in the 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. As a result, it was in frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies along the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo.
However, his rule was short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the central government system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.